Click the images to enlarge them :)
The World Tourism Organization measured the rise in international tourism arrivals (the number of people arriving from abroad for a holiday) at 6.1% between 2006 and 2007. In 2007 there were a staggering 900 million tourist travellers.
Domestic (home) tourism is even bigger... In most countries it is between 4 and 5 times greater than international tourism.
In terms of both JOBs and INCOME tourism is hugely important at a global level and for the economies of many individual countries.
For 83% of countries, tourism is one of the top five sources of foreign income. Caribbean countries get half their GDP from tourism.
The top six tourist destination countries are France, Spain, USA, China, Italy and the UK. Germans spend more per person than any other nation on holiday, followed by Americans, British, French and Japanese.
Lesson 1: Growth of Tourism.
Aims: To know the factors that have contributed to a growth in tourism and the places that tourists visit and why.
Read pages 295 to 297 of the course text.
Activites:
Complete the tasks 1a to 1g.
Over the last 60 to 70 years, there has been a Global increase in Tourism... People have more and longer holidays...
Some factors causing the growth are related to an increase in the relative wealth of people and the reduced real cost of travel i.e.
- People are paid more and thus have more disposable income.
- Improved conditions of employment include more paid holidays.
- Compared to other things, the cost of travel has fallen (especially air travel) so more people can afford to go on holiday.
- Selling through the internet has further reduced the cost to holiday providers such as tour companies and hotels. These lower costs mean that holidays are cheaper still.
Other reasons for the growth in tourism include...
- Improvements in transport such as more airports which makes it easier and quicker to travel.
- Countries in more unusual tourist destinations have got better at advertising themselves e.g. Africa and the Middle East.
- Many countries have invested in facilities for tourism (infrastructure) e.g. hotels, airports, roads etc. This makes them more attractive to visitors.
Activity:
From the above notes, identify which factors are
- Social and economic
- Improvements in Technology
- Increased Holiday Choice
 |
| The Dolomites, Italian Alps |
Print a copy of the photograph (right). Add the labels to show the pull factors that will attract people to visit this area...
- Traditional villages
- Local culture
- Peace and quiet
- Dramatic scenery
- Wildlife
- Climbing and walking
- Winter skiing
- Places to stay
- Local services such as restaurants and shops
Activity:
Make your own labels for either of the next two photos...
 |
| Vernazza |
 |
| Venice |
Consider...How do you think the type of tourist might differ between these destinations? Why?
e.g. Singles, couples, families, groups, younger, older, wealthier/poorer etc
How do the pull factors affect who visits? Can a single destination attract different tourists? Does this cause problems?
Summary: Tourist Attractions (Pull Factors)
Tourists are attracted by a variety of factors... Many choose to visit cities for their cultural attractions eg art galleries, ancient sites, museums and local/national treasures such as monuments, architecture or their shops and restaurants. Places like Rome, Paris and London have much to offer tourists of all ages.Natural landscapes also attract people... places like the European Alps or beautiful coastlines of the Caribbean, Mediterranean or the Indian Ocean provide a significant "pull" for tourists.
These attractions can be divided into Human or Physical attractions... See BBC bite size for explanation
Zondle Activity: 1. Growth of Tourism
Lesson 2: The importance of Tourism in different economies.
Aims: to know the relative importance of tourism in different countries and how tourism in managed.
The Importance of Tourism in different economies - BBC Bitesize
Activity: Read pages 298 to 309 of the core text.
How important is Tourism in different countries?
Tourism is recognised as an important industry in many MEDCs, especially in Europe and North America. However, for many developing economies, it is increasingly seen as an excellent way to earn foreign income, provide alternative employment to agriculture and to improve the standard of living for many people. In addition it can support the protection of valuable environments and provide people living with wildlife a sound economic reason to support conservation efforts.
The Importance of Tourism to the Economies of Countries
Key Economic Facts:
- France has more tourists than any other country for many years.
- In 2007, France earned more money from tourism than any other country.
- The USA has the third largest number of tourists in 2005, but earned the most from them. This is because visitors to the USA from Europe consider a trip to the USA more special than staying in Europe and so tend to spend more and stay for longer.
- China is an increasingly important destination and earns increasing amounts from tourism. Its distance, uniqueness, variety of unusual landscapes and special cultural attractions attract people with both time and money.
- In the Caribbean, almost half of all visits are from nearby wealthy USA. Spending varies from $324 per holiday in Belize to $2117 in the Virgin Islands.
Info below is for Grenada (remember this case study from the Development Unit...). You can see the importance of earnings from Hotels and Restaurants to the Grenadian economy. When hurricanes strike, this can lead to a significant drop in GDP...
Unlike many other Caribbean destinations, the biggest group of visitiors from abroad are from the UK.
Q.
Why do you think this might be?
Activity:
Using the table above and the Pie Chart left, can you calculate the actual number of visitors from Britain in 2010?
From the Course Text Book... complete Question 1 on page 300 or, alternatively print and answer the same questions from the source below.
Homework set on 22nd May 2013
Complete the questions from the work sheet above ("Q 1 from course text").
Use the link (below) about the attractions of Dubai to help you to compile a fact file for this growing tourist destination.
Complete by 4th June 2013.
Benefits of Tourism in poorer economies:
- Serving tourists creates many jobs... waiters, souvenir shop assistants, tour guides, cleaners.
- Tourists spend holiday money in "hard" (stable) currencies such as US Dollars, pounds Sterling and Euros. This is essential for poorer countries whose currencies are weak... they can use it to purchase goods and services from abroad.
- Visitors are sometimes taxed by governments of the countries they visit. This helps to pay for the extra services they use such as water, roads, electricity and drainage. Important for low revenue economies such as Grenada!
- Extra jobs created indirectly e.g. hotels buy local produce to feed visitors (produce from local farmers etc)
- Many small businesses have been started to serve the tourists directly and supply the services they demand e.g. taxis, bars, restaurants, builders and maintenance workers.
Tourism in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) is part of the government's strategy to maintain a flow of foreign cash into the emirate. Dubai's attraction for visitors has been built around shopping, but there is now much more to this destination's appeal than the varied and duty free malls... Dubai has a host of other ancient and modern attractions...
Activity:
Using the course text (page 299), print out and complete the table below about Dubai, a growing destination.
Activity:
Visit this link to find out more about the attractions of Dubai...
Compile a fact file to complement your case study.
Lesson 2a: Tourism and tourism management in the UK.
Aims: To know how holidays in the UK have changed, to understand the Butler model and the factors that influence a decline in coastal resorts.
There were 32,000,000 foreign visitor to the UK in 2008! What attracts tourists to the UK?
- Amazing and varied countryside
- Historic places, buildings, landmarks, sites e.g. Stonehenge
- Famous religeous buildings e.g. St Paul's Cathedral, York Minster
- Historic castles and palaces e.g. Hampton Court, Buckingham Palace, Tower of London
London is particularly rich in attractions such as museums, theatres, clubs and shopping. About 50% of all visitors to the UK visit London.
2007
£114,000,000 was contributed to the economy by tourism.
1.4 million people were employed in tourism related industries.
How has tourism changed in the UK?
Almost all tourism in the UK used to be DOMESTIC... internal - Only the wealthy could afford to go abroad as INTERNATIONAL tourists. Domestic holidays can be cheap or expensive... camping costs little, but good-quality hotels in Britain cost more than similar accommodation in other countries.
Domestic tourism grew quickly in the 1950s and 60s as wages rose and paid holiday leave increased due to a growing economy and improved worker's conditions. At this time, having an annual holiday became common. UK seaside holidays peaked in the early to mid-1970s with 40,000,000 visitors annually. After that, the rise of cheap foreign package holidays abroad led to their decline.
Package holidays in places like Benidorm, Spain with their guaranteed hot weather and low costs (even compared to domestic holidays) began to attract people of all incomes. British weather was seen as too unreliable and soon many small coastal hotels were forced to survive by housing the homeless during the 1980s. This of course reduced their reputation further with potential holiday-makers.
Tourist Resorts have been modeled to show how they start, grow and decline or change over time. This model is called the Butler tourist resort life-cycle model (see page 302 of the core text or folow this link to BBC GCSE Bitesize...) The mnenomic - Edinburgh Is Developing Castle Sites Daily (or Regularly) - helps you to remember the different stages... Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, Decline or Rejuvination.
Activity:
The Importance of National Parks in the UK.
Globally there are some 6,000 National Parks. The first to be set up was Yellowstone National Park in the USA in 1872.In the UK there are 15 National Parks including the Lake District, Snowdonia, The New Forest and the Norfolk Broads.
National Parks are large areas, usually rural, set up to conserve natural and cultural landscapes while still allowing access for visitors. Many National Parks in the UK are highland areas, but there are some that are in lowlands (e.g. Norfolk Broads and Pembrokeshire Coast.
Although the land in National Parks remains largely privately owned (81%), these areas are managed by the National Parks Authority who limit development and set planning controls to protect the landscapes which are viewed as unusual and valuable and thus worth preserving. The remit of the National Parks Authorities can seem inherently conflicting as allowing people to access the land, people such as farmers to make a living from it and yet to conserve it lead to opposing demands. The Authorities role, however, is to manage use and change so that conflicting demands and needs are addressed while the natural and cultural landscape is maintained.
1. Cairngorms National Park
2. Loch Lomond & the Trossachs National Park
3. Northumberland National Park
4. Lake District National Park
5. Yorkshire Dales National Park
6. North Yorkshire National Park
7. Peak District National Park
8. Norfolk Broads National Park
9. South Downs (New) National Park
10. New Forest National Park
11. Dartmoor National Park
12. Exmoor National Park
13. Brecon Beacons National Park
14. Snowdonia National Park
15. Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
Activities:
1. Visit this web site to find out about the Motorway network in the UK.
What do you notice about the relationship between the road network and the distribution of National Parks?
2. What effect do you think the M'way network will have on the number of visitors to the various parks?
3. Use your findings concerning the motorway network and the map (left) showing the population density of the UK to suggest which National Parks do you think are likely to be the busiest?
4. What problems do you expect this to present the National Park Authorities?
5. Read the case study on pp 306 to 309 of the course text. Make notes on a) the problems of tourism in the Lake District National Park and
b) Tourism Management Solutions applied by the park authorities.
Location of the Lake District and Lake Windermere.
The illustrations below show some aspects of Tourism on and around Lake Windermere. Consider the different attractions of this venue, how heavily it is used and what competition there might be for the use of this destination by different types of tourists.
Activity:
Complete tasks 1 and 2 from page 309 of the course text.
Find out more about the Lake District: Here.
Additional Assignment/Catch-up:
HW Essay Title -
Many National Parks face problems resulting from their popularity with tourists. Using the Lake District as an example, outline the issues facing the National Parks Authority, residents and visitors and explain the strategies employed by the NPA to manage them.
Guidance:
Use specific examples to evidence your work.
Employ Three Part Structure (Intro, Main, Conclusion)
Ensure that you apply PEE + E (Point, Evidence, Explanation + Elaboration) in the Main section.
Add photos and maps to support your narrative and refer to them in your writing.
Due Date: 24th September 2013.
Classroom catch up activity 17th Sept 2013:
1. Explain what is meant in tourism by the term "Honey pot".
2. With reference to real examples, suggest how the use of Honey Pots can support the conservation and maintain tourism in National Parks.
Lesson 3: Mass Tourism, extreme tourism and sustainability .
Aims: to be able to explain why so many places value mass tourism, factors that attract people to extreme environments and how tourism can become more sustainable.
Why do so many countries want mass tourism?
Definition: Mass tourism is when large numbers of tourists go to one destination, usually for a specific and similar purpose... e.g. for a beach holiday, to enjoy hot climate, to go skiing etc.
For many countries, mass tourism offers a range of potential benefits... but also some disadvantages.
Activity: Print and organise the information in the table below... You decide the best method.
Instructions:
a) Cut
out and arrange these labels into appropriate groups.
b) If
not already organised in this way in task a (above)… highlight advantages and disadvantages
(of mass tourism)
c) Add
brief explanations to your arrangement (using the blank labels provided)
Activity:
Referring to page 311, fig. C, list a selection of the advantages and disadvantages of mass tourism.
The Alhambra (left) is one of Spain's most popular tourist destinations... what type of visitors would go there? Why?
What type of holiday is illustrated below... are both destinations likely to attract mass tourism?
Are the types of tourists that visit both places completely different? Could they overlap at all?
Q. Can you NAME different sites for mass tourists similar to the Alhambra above and the coastal resort to the right?
Tourism in Jamaica
Activity:
Print a copy of the case study below and complete the key to identify the tourist attractions of this Caribbean Island (Ref source text pp 311 for help)... then...
...complete the activities on the Print Out
Activity:
The group task below will help you to develop more detailed knowledge of tourism in Jamaica and support your learning about how tourism can become more sustainable. Work in teams of three.
Visit Jamaica.Com... check out the Jamaica tourist web site to gain an insight in what Jamaica has to offer.
Jamaican Tourism Facts and Figures
- One of main tourist destinations in the Caribbean (1.9 million tourists in 2010).
- See map above for the attractions of the island.
- Tourism is Jamaica's second biggest earning industry. Tourist expenditure per person: US$931; total foreign exchange earnings from tourism - US$1.3 billion which contributes 20% of GDP.
- 70% visitors from the USA and 10% from the UK.
- 2002 - 14,388 rooms available for tourists.
- More recently, competition from other Caribbean destinations has caused Jamaica a problem.
- 220,000 Jamaicans worked directly in the Tourist sector in 2001 (8% of population). In 2011, employment in tourism had risen to 262,000.
- Other businesses depend on tourists e.g. food producers who supply hotels and restaurants.
Developments
In addition to community tourism, and in an effort to preserve its tourist industry into the future, Jamaica has developed its ecotourism offer. This uses the interior of the island (e.g. the Blue Mountains) as well as some coastal areas. The wider range of destinations, and deliberate policies to keep densities low, spread tourists around the island and thus reduces their impact on the environment. Nature reserves are increasing and eco-lodges are being built.
Extract: http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ecotourism-jamaica-40300.html
Activity:
Study the information above about tourism in Jamaica.
a) name two tourist areas in Jamaica.
b) What tourist activities are found in these areas? Make two separate lists of the advantages and disadvantages to Jamaica of the holiday industry (Do some www research to add details).
c) Consolidate your knowledge by writing a minimum of three paragraphs to discuss whether tourism is beneficial to Jamaica's people and economy. Add a clear conclusion at the end of your discussion.
Tourism in extreme environments.
Aims: to be able to explain factors that attract people to extreme environments.
What attracts people to extreme environments?
Q. What do you understand an "extreme environment" to be?
Extreme Environments and activities.
 |
| Paraglider taking advantage of the airflow over Stanage Edge in the English Peak District |
Tourism has only just started to develop in these areas due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges.
 |
| Microlight over the South Downs, Sussex |
So, remember, people can visit extreme environments such as deserts or ice caps where they might take part in extreme activities, but extreme activities can also be available in less extreme places such as parts of the UK.
Extreme Environment tourism:
- Suitable environments are spread across the globe.
- Places: Deserts, mountains, rain-forests, caves, ice-covered terrain.
- Also called "Shock" or "Adventure Tourism".
- Caters for a niche market.
- Involves an element of risk and participant may choose such a trip for the adrenaline rush they get from the activities and sports involved.
Examples:
 |
| Ice Dive |
Travelling across the Chernobyl Zone of Alienation in the Ukraine.
Waterfall climbing and cliff diving in Jamaica.
Activity:
Search the internet to find some other examples of Adventure tourism. Choose one example and make notes on where it is, what type of people take part and why.
Q. Who are the "Target Market" for adventure tourism? Check page 314 of the course text and make your own brief notes.
What places are experiencing a growth in Adventure Tourism?
Activity:
a. Read the Case Study of Antarctica on pages 314 and 315 of the course companion text.
b. Answer the following GCSE Questions (Use examples and case study material in your answers):
1. Explain two ways an extreme environment like Alaska may suffer if it is visited by large numbers of
tourists. 4 marks
2. Describe how a named area with an extreme environment is coping with an increasing number of
tourists. 6 marks
(Extract from the GCSE mark scheme for these questions is provided below for you to check your answers).
Click here for A different source about Adventure Tourism.
Tourism and sustainability .
Aims: to be able to explain how tourism can become more sustainable.
How can tourism become more sustainable?
Increasingly tourism and tourists are blamed for environmental, cultural and social damage t the places that they visit. Beaches become polluted, coral reefs degraded and economies too dependent on tourism at the expense of food production and other essential industries and services.
In response there has been an increasing demand for eco-tourism... i.e. tourism that is environmentally friendly and supports local economies and societies. As with adventure tourism, this is a niche market of environmentally aware tourists, but it is the fastest growing area of tourism!
Inevitably these types of holiday cost more and so only attracts those with enough money. Less well-off people may be aware of the need for sustainable tourism, but cannot afford it.
Key Concepts:
Stewardship - the careful management of the environment on a large scale i.e. regionally, nationally and globally.
Potentially all development and resource exploitation can be planned for sustainability, but, unfortunately not all governments or political parties share this way of thinking and working.
Development objectives could be set and strategies designed to meet them that do not cause over-exploitation, damage the environment or undermine the livelihoods of local people. In addition, pollution and waste could be kept to a level that can be absorbed by the environment without causing negative impacts.
Conservation - This is effectively stewardship on a smaller scale. As such it is more manageable and easier to understand or "connect" with for local people. For example, a building could be conserved and protected because of its historical significance or habitats could be protected for their wildlife, cultural or environmental value. The careful use of non-renewable resources to prolong their availability is also a form of conservation as are improving energy efficiency and recycling.
In response there has been an increasing demand for eco-tourism... i.e. tourism that is environmentally friendly and supports local economies and societies. As with adventure tourism, this is a niche market of environmentally aware tourists, but it is the fastest growing area of tourism!
Inevitably these types of holiday cost more and so only attracts those with enough money. Less well-off people may be aware of the need for sustainable tourism, but cannot afford it.
Key Concepts:
Stewardship - the careful management of the environment on a large scale i.e. regionally, nationally and globally.
Potentially all development and resource exploitation can be planned for sustainability, but, unfortunately not all governments or political parties share this way of thinking and working.
Development objectives could be set and strategies designed to meet them that do not cause over-exploitation, damage the environment or undermine the livelihoods of local people. In addition, pollution and waste could be kept to a level that can be absorbed by the environment without causing negative impacts.
Conservation - This is effectively stewardship on a smaller scale. As such it is more manageable and easier to understand or "connect" with for local people. For example, a building could be conserved and protected because of its historical significance or habitats could be protected for their wildlife, cultural or environmental value. The careful use of non-renewable resources to prolong their availability is also a form of conservation as are improving energy efficiency and recycling.
Eco-tourists want to experience the natural environment directly, but with minimum impact. They want to trek, watch wildlife and learn about other cultures in a non-damaging way. They will expect energy to be sustainable, no waste to be generated that can not be dealt with efficiently and safely. Eco-tourists prefer small scale accommodation in lodges rather than hotels. Lodges may not even have electricity. They eat local food and employ local people as guides as their knowledge and experience is deemed more valuable. The impact on the environment is low, but because eco-tourism is small in scale, the price paid by each eco-tourist is high. The market for such tourism is thus limited.
Activities:
1. Read through the case study of the Galapagos Islands.
Answer the following questions:
a) Where are the Galapagos Islands and to which country do they belong?
b) Historically, why are they famous?
c) Environmentally, why are they so important?
d) What is a World Heritage Site and what is UNESCO? (research on the Internet)
e) list the ways in which negative impact from tourism is minimised.
f) What are the benefits of eco-tourism in the Galapagos?
g) What problems does tourism bring to the Galaopagos?
 |
| The Galapagos Islands - Montage |
Activities:
1. Read through the case study of the Galapagos Islands.
Answer the following questions:
a) Where are the Galapagos Islands and to which country do they belong?
b) Historically, why are they famous?
c) Environmentally, why are they so important?
d) What is a World Heritage Site and what is UNESCO? (research on the Internet)
e) list the ways in which negative impact from tourism is minimised.
f) What are the benefits of eco-tourism in the Galapagos?
g) What problems does tourism bring to the Galaopagos?
Mark Scheme for GCSE Questions Above
1. Large numbers of tourists can destroy the delicate
ecosystem, which takes a long time to recover in these
extreme environments. The infrastructure of these areas
cannot cope with large numbers of people, which may
result in pollution and sewage problems. Pollution
needs to be qualified.
ecosystem, which takes a long time to recover in these
extreme environments. The infrastructure of these areas
cannot cope with large numbers of people, which may
result in pollution and sewage problems. Pollution
needs to be qualified.
4
2. Responses will depend on area chosen – most likely
to be Antarctica. The emphasis is on coping with visitors,
emphasizing the strategies put in place. Limited reference
should be given to the effects of a large number of
visitors on a fragile hostile environment. These will include
restricting numbers due to quota systems, price controls
or no-go areas, strict monitoring of numbers, e.g. by size
and number of cruise ships, reducing prices for tourists
willing to go to less frequented areas, or out of high
season. Strict controls on the disposal of waste, and
pollution control regulations.
to be Antarctica. The emphasis is on coping with visitors,
emphasizing the strategies put in place. Limited reference
should be given to the effects of a large number of
visitors on a fragile hostile environment. These will include
restricting numbers due to quota systems, price controls
or no-go areas, strict monitoring of numbers, e.g. by size
and number of cruise ships, reducing prices for tourists
willing to go to less frequented areas, or out of high
season. Strict controls on the disposal of waste, and
pollution control regulations.
Level 1 (Basic) (1-4 marks)Simple statements without any attempt to explain how the
suggested action may have an effect of reducing the impact
of tourists on the environment.
Maximum Level 1 if no named area.
Restrict the number of tourists. Maintain no-go areas. Strict
controls on waste. Make holidays more expensive. Make
charges for entry to more sensitive areas.
suggested action may have an effect of reducing the impact
of tourists on the environment.
Maximum Level 1 if no named area.
Restrict the number of tourists. Maintain no-go areas. Strict
controls on waste. Make holidays more expensive. Make
charges for entry to more sensitive areas.
Level 2 (Clear) (5-6 marks)Linked statements with indication of how the suggested
actions will reduce tourists' impact on the environment.
Need specific reference to how they cope with impact.
By charging entry to the more sensitive areas, the holidays
would become more expensive which would have the
effect of reducing the number of tourists visiting. Have a
quota system, which allows only a specified number of
tourists at one time so the impact is kept manageable.
Have strict controls on removal of waste, which would
reduce the danger of it entering the food chain or impacting
on the ecosystem. 6
actions will reduce tourists' impact on the environment.
Need specific reference to how they cope with impact.
By charging entry to the more sensitive areas, the holidays
would become more expensive which would have the
effect of reducing the number of tourists visiting. Have a
quota system, which allows only a specified number of
tourists at one time so the impact is kept manageable.
Have strict controls on removal of waste, which would
reduce the danger of it entering the food chain or impacting
on the ecosystem. 6
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